Xiaodong Jiang, Jason I. Hong, and James A. Landay, apply different concepts from economics and information theory to model the exchange of information among the different actors (data owners, data collectors and data users) to minimize the asymmetry of information flow among them.

After identifying the main actors they propose the principle of minimum asymmetry:
Principle of Minimum Asymmetry |
A privacy-aware system should minimize the asymmetry of information between data owners and data collectors and data users, by:
|
To support this Principle of Minimum Asymmetry they design a space of Privacy solutions in Ubiquitous Computing